INTRODUCTION
Nestled in the breathtaking Himalayas, Ladakh, a Union Territory in India, is witnessing a stirring awakening. Since January 2024, the region has been ablaze with protests, as its resilient people demand recognition of their unique cultural heritage and autonomous rights.
With a population of approximately 295,000, people’s voices echo through the mountains, seeking inclusion under the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. This constitutional safeguard promises to protect tribal land, forests, and natural resources, ensuring the preservation of its fragile ecosystem and distinct identity.
The numbers paint a stark picture: 26.5% of graduates remain unemployed. The region’s autonomy has diminished since its reorganization as a Union Territory in 2019.
Ladakhis urge the central government to address their concerns, seeking statehood, Sixth Schedule inclusion, parliamentary seats, and job reservations. Will the government heed the call, or will the cries for autonomy fade into the Himalayan winds?
THE PATH TO PROTESTS
Ladakh‘s protests were decades in the making. Initially, the Ladakh Buddhist Association demanded autonomy in the 1980s. The formation of the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC) in 1995 provided some autonomy, which was gradually increased through amendments.
However, abolishing Article 370, 2019 reorganization of Jammu and Kashmir into Union Territories reduced LAHDC’s powers, sparking widespread discontent.
The growing dissatisfaction from 2020 to 2023 was fueled by rising unemployment (26.5%), slow infrastructure development, and environmental concerns.
The Leh Apex Body (LAB) and Kargil Democratic Alliance (KDA) formed during this period, uniting diverse groups. In January 2024, LAB and KDA launched joint protests, demanding Sixth Schedule inclusion, statehood, parliamentary seats, and job reservations. Mass rallies, shutdowns, and demonstrations have continued, with intermittent dialogue with the Centre.
The recent surge in Ladakh‘s protests led by educationist Sonam Wangchuk is not just a reaction to immediate grievances but a culmination of long-standing issues. Simultaneously, the demand for constitutional safeguards under the Sixth Schedule has become a rallying cry, seeking autonomy, cultural preservation, and protection of traditional livelihoods.
WHO IS SONAM WANGCHUK?
Sonam Wangchuk, a multifaceted personality from Ladakh, has been tirelessly leading the protest for Ladakh‘s statehood and inclusion in the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution. Born in 1966, Wangchuk is renowned for his groundbreaking ideas in education and eco-friendly development, inspiring the fictional character Phunsukh Wangdu in the movie “3 Idiots”.
His concerns highlight:
- Environmental Damage: Industrial activities harming the region’s ecology, particularly the melting of Himalayan glaciers.
- Autonomy for Local Population: Decision-making power for sustainable development and cultural preservation.
- Water Scarcity: Tribal households manage only five liters of water daily.
His ideals of inclusion in the Sixth Schedule would grant Ladakh autonomy and protection for its unique environment and culture, which is crucial for the region’s tribal population, which comprises 97% of the population.
He emphasizes Ladakhis’ unwavering support for India and its armed forces while questioning the government’s reluctance to provide constitutional safeguards under the Sixth Schedule.
To bring attention to these pressing issues, Wangchuk conducted a 21-day “climate fast” in January 2023, highlighting the urgent need for action. His efforts aim to safeguard its fragile ecosystem and ensure a sustainable future for its people.
Wangchuk told Outlook during his first climate fast in January 2023 that, “No Ladakhi has ever advocated separation from the Indian Union.” He has highlighted the Ladakhis’ unwavering support for India and its armed forces. But he also questions the government for providing the necessary constitutional safeguards under the Sixth Schedule.”
THE SIXTH SCHEDULE: A SOLUTION?
1949 the Sixth Schedule was enacted per Article 244 of the Indian constitution. The sixth schedule was designed to protect the indigenous and tribal groups by establishing and functioning autonomous district divisions known as Autonomous District Councils (ADCs).
The Sixth Schedule is considered a potential solution to Ladakh‘s woes due to its provisions for autonomy and self-governance. It provides greater autonomy and the creation of District and Regional Councils, comprising elected and nominated members allowing local bodies to manage their affairs and make decisions. This would ensure the representation and participation of local communities in governance, giving them a greater say in policy decisions.
Additionally, the Sixth Schedule would safeguard the interests by:
- Preventing outsiders from buying land or exploiting natural resources
- Protecting traditional rights and customs
- Ensuring local control over development projects
UNEMPLOYMENT AND ECONOMIC ISSUES
Unemployment and economic issues plague Ladakh, with a staggering 26.5% unemployment rate. The region’s economy heavily depends on tourism, making it vulnerable to seasonal fluctuations. Lack of job opportunities, skill gaps, and limited industries exacerbate the issue, particularly affecting youth. Key factors contributing to unemployment include:
- High Unemployment Rate: 26.5% unemployment rate, significantly higher than the national average.
- Lack of Job Opportunities: Limited industries and sectors lead to job scarcity.
- Skill Gap: Mismatch between available skills and industry requirements.
- Youth Unemployment: A high percentage of unemployed youth leads to migration and brain drain.
- Dependence on Tourism: Over-reliance on tourism, makes the economy vulnerable to seasonal fluctuations.
- Agricultural Challenges: Harsh climate, limited arable land, and lack of irrigation facilities.
- Inadequate Industrial Development: Limited industries, hindering economic diversification.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
UTL’s fragile ecosystem is facing unprecedented threats. According to Indian Meteorological Department report the region’s temperature has risen by 1.5°C in the past century, with an alarming 0.5°C increase in the last 30 years.
Glaciers, which provide 70% of its water supply, are melting at an alarming rate, with a 30% loss in the past few decades (Geological Survey of India).
Infrastructure development, including 63 hydroelectric power projects and 1,200 km of roads, disrupts natural habitats, causing soil erosion and landslides. Unregulated tourism, which has grown by 50% annually since 2010, strains local resources, pollutes waterways, and damages fragile ecosystems.
Environmental degradation has severe consequences for UTL’s biodiversity and local communities. The region’s unique wildlife, including 200 snow leopards, 5,000 ibex, and 3,000 Ladakh urials, face habitat loss and fragmentation (Ladakh Wildlife Protection Department).
Agricultural productivity declines due to changing weather patterns, impacting food security; crop yields have decreased by 25% in the past decade. Water scarcity affects human consumption, agriculture, and industry; 40% of Ladakh‘s villages face water scarcity. Moreover, the degradation of natural resources undermines its cultural heritage, as traditional livelihoods and customs are intertwined with the environment.
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
Ladakh‘s quest for autonomy is driven by its diverse population’s shared desire for self-governance, environmental protection, and cultural preservation. Despite differences in religion, language, and ethnicity, various groups have united under a common cause, exemplifying unity in diversity.
Educationalist Sonam Wangchuk has emerged as a key leader, galvanizing support from youth and intellectuals. Approximately 10% of the population has joined protests and marches, demonstrating widespread support. Participants from diverse backgrounds – Buddhists, Muslims, Christians, and indigenous communities – demand autonomy, environmental protection, cultural preservation, and economic development.
The ongoing protests and marches symbolize Ladakh‘s unity, with diverse groups coming together to demand change. This collective action underscores the power of unity in diversity, inspiring a new era of cooperation and determination among Ladakhis.
WAY FORWARD FOR LADAKH’S DEMAND
To address the demands, the government must initiate Meaningful Dialogue with local stakeholders. This dialogue should foster trust and understanding of the region’s unique challenges. A thorough Feasibility Assessment is also crucial, considering legal, administrative, socioeconomic, and cultural factors.
To Build Trust, government decisions must be tangible and timely. Enhanced Local Governance is essential, prioritizing decentralized decision-making, cultural preservation, and sustainable development.
Sensitive Policymaking is vital, balancing Ladakh‘s geography, environment, resources, and aspirations. A Gradual and Phased Approach is recommended, involving pilot projects, phased implementation, and continuous evaluation.
A balanced approach will address its concerns while promoting national interests, benefiting the region and the nation.
CONCLUSION
Ladakh‘s quest for autonomy and environmental protection is a testament to the region’s resilience and determination. The ongoing struggle, led by visionary leaders like Sonam Wangchuk, highlights the urgent need for self-governance, ecological preservation, and cultural safeguarding. As it navigates the complex relationship with the Centre, the concerns of its people must be heard and addressed.
Today, the situation remains tense. Protests continue, with the government assuring consideration of demands. LAHDC elections are postponed indefinitely, and tensions between the Centre and Ladakh leaders persist. Key players, including LAB, KDA, LAHDC, and the Central Government, must balance autonomy with national security concerns, address economic and infrastructure development, and resolve environmental concerns.
Possible outcomes include Sixth Schedule inclusion, statehood, enhanced autonomy for LAHDC, or continued protests and tensions. The fate of Ladakh hangs in the balance, but one thing is certain – its people will continue to fight for their rights, land, and future.
– SHEELU KUMARI
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